Find mistakes among A B C and D and correct

Many automobile factories have found that human operators work more effective than automated ones in regard to flexible decision making.

Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systemtically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management”. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.
The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bed making chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.
The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) - basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered, physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.

It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.

Complete the passage with the words provided:
If you can roll a ball, you can play bowls. Everyone can play: young and old, men and women, the fit and the not so fit. It is the (1)_______ outdoor game that really is a sport for all. What other sports can grandparents play on equal terms with their grandchildren? What other game is so simple that you could take up it today and be (2)_______ in the national championship tomorrow? Simple? Perhaps that is not the (3)_______ word. There are bowls players in their thousands (4)_______ will tell you that, although bowls is a game that anyone can (5)_______ in five minutes, it takes a lifetime to (6)_______ it. They are the people who have developed a passionate interest in the game. (7)_______ for outsiders, bowls is another word, and a strange and puzzling one. They see a bowl game in action and wonder what is going on. What the players are trying to do is easy to explain. Their (8)_______ is to roll their bowls, called wood, as near as possible to the little white ball, called the jack. If one of your bowls finishes nearer to the jack than your opponent's, you score one point and he or she scores (9)_______ If you have the two nearest, you score two, and so on. The skill involved in rolling a bowl that weighs around 2 kilos across about 40 meters so that it stops only a very short (10)_______ from the target is just as impressive as the skills required in other sports.

The three phases of human memory are the sensory memory, the short-term memory, and the long-term memory. This division of the memory into phases is based on the length of time of the memory.
Sensory memory is instantaneous memory. It is an image or memory that enters your mind only for a short period of time; it comes and goes in under a second. The memory will not last longer than that unless the information enters the short-term memory.
Information can be held in the short-term memory for about twenty seconds or as long as you are actively using it. If you repeat a fact to yourself, that fact will stay in your short-term memory as long as you keep repeating it. Once you stop repeating it, either it is forgotten or it moves into long term memory.
Long-term memory is the huge memory tank that can hold ideas and images for years and years. Information can be added to your long-term memory when you actively try to put it there through memorization or when an idea or image enters your mind on its own.

According to the passage, which type of memory is the shortest?

Complete the passage with the words provided:
THE FIRST WOMAN SCIENTIST
Hypatia was born in Alexandria, in Egypt, in 370 A.D. For many centuries, she was (1)________only woman scientist to have a place in the history books. Hypatia's father was director of Alexandria University, and he (2) ______ sure hias daughter had the best education available. This was unusual, as most women then had few (3)_______ to study. After studying in Athens and Rome, Hypatia returned to Alexandria (4)_______ she began teaching mathematics. She soon became famous (5)______ her knowledge of new ideas. We have no copies of her book, (6)____ we know that she wrote several important mathematical works. Hypatia was also interested in technology and (7)_____ several scientific tools to help with her work. At the (8)______, many rulers were afraid of science, and (9)_______ connected with it was in danger. One day in March 415, Hypatia (10)________ attacked in the street and killed

Complete the passage with the words provided:
Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is (1)______ complicated as it is serious. It is complicated (2)______ much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. (3)______, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of air pollution. But the automobile (4)______ transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much (5)______ the material that pollutes the air and water, but factories give employment to a large number of people. Thus, to end (6)_______ greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to (7)______ using many things that benefit them. Most of the people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be (8)______ reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the (9)______ of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that (10)______ businesses and traffic to stop, or to cut down on certain polluting activities

Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions:
Twenty years ago people realized that computers were about to become part of our daily lives. This short period of time has seen enormous changes in business, education, and public administration. Jobs that took weeks to complete in the past are now carried out in minutes. Clerks who spent all day copying and checking calculations are now freed from these tedious tasks. In offices, the soft hum and clicking of word processors have replaced the clatters of typewriters. Schoolchildren have become as familiar with hardware and software as their parents used to be with pencils and exercise books. The computerization of public records has enabled government departments to analyze the need of citizens in detail. Some of us may wonder, However, whether life has really improved as a result of these changes. Many jobs disappeared, for example, When intelligent machines took over the work. Employers complain that clerical staff has become dependant on calculators and can not do simple arithmetic. There are fears that governments haven’t done enough to ensure that personal information held on computers is really kept secret. Certainly, many people may not be wondering whether the spread of computers has brought us as many problems as it has solved.

What is not true about the passage?

In most of the earliest books for children, illustrations were an afterthought. But in the Caldecott “toy books”, which first appeared in 1878, they were almost as important as the lines of text, and occupied far more space in the book. One can almost read the story from the dramatic action in the pictures.
Since then, thousands of successful picture books have been published in the United States and around the world. In the best, the words and illustrations seem to complement each other perfectly. Often a single person is responsible for both writing and illustrating the book. One of the greatest, and certainly one of the most successful, illustrator-authors was Dr. Seuss, whose real name was Theodor Geisel. His first children’s book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, hit the market in 1937, and the world of children’s literature was changed forever. Seuss’s playful drawings were a perfect complement to his engaging stories and unforgettable characters. In 1957, Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat became the first book in Random House’s best-selling series, Beginner Books, written by Seuss and several other authors. These combine outrageous illustrations of people, creatures, and plants, and playful stories written in very simple language.
Dr. Seuss is not the only well-known author-illustrator, of course. There is Max Sendak, who wrote and illustrated Where the Wild Things Are, the story of a little boy named Max, who becomes king of the fierce (but funny) creatures that live in the Land of the Wilds Things. Robert McCloskey produced both the richly textured illustrations and delightful story of a family of ducks living in downtown Boston, Make Ways for Ducklings. Some books are produced by a collaborative author artist team. Author Margaret Wise Brown combined with illustrator Clement Hurd to produce two delightful books loved by very young children, Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny. Another example is the husband-and-wife team of writer Audrey Wood and illustrator Don Wood, who were responsible for King Bidgoods in the Bathtub and The Napping House.
Wordless and nearly wordless picture books have become popular. With a little help, three and four-year-olds can follow the sequence of events, and they can understand the stories suggested in them. The marvel of books with few or no words is that they allow children and their parents the opportunity to tell and retell the same stories over and over in their own words. One of the most charming examples of a wordless book is Jan Omerod's Sunshine. Barbara Berger’s Grandfather Twilight and David Weisner’s Tuesday are examples of books containing only a few words.
U.S. publishers have also drawn on illustrators from other countries whose original, imaginative works have brought their different visions to American children’s books. Among them are Leo Lionni from Italy, Feodor Rojankovsky from Russia, and Taro Yashimi from Japan

According to the passage, pictures help make children’s books ________.

Read the passage and then choose the best answers for the following questions.
In the early years of television, educational specialists believed that it would be very useful in teaching and learning. Many schools have bought television sets, intending to use them effectively to improve the quality of education; but actually, they are not used properly in classrooms. Meanwhile, children spend the majority of their out-of-school hours watching TV and their typical school days proceed as if television did not exist. There are some explanations for the failure of television to get the interest of the teachers. Firstly, the schools that purchased television sets have not set aside money for equipment repairs and maintenance so these television sets are sooner and later out of work. Secondly, these schools have not found an effective way to train teachers to integrate television into their ongoing instructional programs. Lastly, most teachers do not regard the quality of television and its usefulness in the classroom. Teachers at the schools work hard for at least twelve years to train their students to become good readers. However, according to recent statistics, teenagers seldom spend their free time reading books and newspapers but watching television instead. 

When TV first appeared, educational specialists _______.

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to answer these following questions

National parks are large areas of public land set aside for native plants, animals and the places in which they live. National parks protect places of natural beauty. National park is home to many endemic species. They also protect places important to Aboriginal people, and places that show how people lived in the past.

National parks are actually protected areas. IUCN definition of a protected area: “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values”.

Conservation of biodiversity (the variety of our native species and the ecosystems they form) is the central purpose of protected areas. High levels of biodiversity keep ecosystems healthy and resilient, which means that they continue providing vital ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, climate regulation, air and water purification and pollination.

Protecting biodiversity is vital to safeguard our economy; our cultural, spiritual and aesthetic values; and the intrinsic value of species and ecosystems. National parks provide a safe home for native plants and animals. They help keep the air and water clean. National parks give us places to enjoy.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Complete the passage with the words provided:
(1)___history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in (2)__. Guided by their own (3)___of knowledge and expertise, women like Marie Curie in science, Mary Wollstonecraft in literary writing, Simone de Beauvois in philosophical existentialist debate, and Marie Stopes in medicine, to name a few, have brought about (4)___awareness of the role of women in any walks of life. These women have helped redefine and (5)___the nature of women’s place in society. Today the (6)___of global women's organizations and the impact of women's contributions (7)___society show that progress has been made and the progress in furthering the role of women in society has been some benefits to the (8)___woman. It is true to say that not all women have the same need. The need of the woman who stays at home and (9)___children will differ widely from the woman who works outside. Nonetheless, in the extensive field of equal opportunities, it would be good to know that access is given to both with equal measure according to the true value of respective abilities. It also would be good to know that the woman at home is recognized as a valued (10)____of society just as much as the one who deals with business outside the home.

Choose the letter A, B, C or D the word that has the underlined part different from others.

Complete the passage with the words provided:
Most people feel that when they dream, they are (1)________ off to another world. On the (2)________, dreams are often  connected to our daily lives. When our whole (3)_________ is filled with something, when we are either very  upset (4)________ when we are in good spirit, a dream will represent this reality in symbols. It is often (5)_______ that we benefit from dreams because they help the spirit to heal itself when things (6)__________ wrong. Dreams are therefore a kind of escape, almost a holiday from (7)__________ life, with its fears and responsibilities. It is, however, a strange kind of holiday because whether we have a wonderful time or whether it turns (8)_________ to be a nightmare, we quickly forget it. Most dreams disappear forever, (9)_________ you are one of those people disciplined enough to write them down as soon as you (10)_________.

Read the passage below carefully, and then choose the best answer A, B, C or D:

"MANY KINDS OF MICROBES
There are thousands of different kinds of microbes. Microbes called (1) _______ are the smallest living things. Bacteria live almost everywhere: on land, in water, and even (2) _______ you.
Some microscopic life forms are like plants. Tiny diatoms are microbes that live in lakes and the ocean. Diatoms soak up (3) _______ and use its energy to make food, just like plants.
Some microscopic life forms are more (4) _______ animals. Protozoa such as the amoeba and paramecium are animal-like microorganisms. An amoeba can move (5) _______ changing the shape of its body. It sticks out a pseudo pod, or false foot. A paramecium is (6) _______ with tiny hairs. It waves its hairs rapidly to swim.
Viruses are (7) _______ kind of microbe. Viruses sometimes act like living things and other times act like nonliving things. Viruses sometimes live in the cells of plants and animals. (8) _______ a cell, a virus reproduces like a living thing. The virus uses the cell to make many copies of itself. Viruses are (9) _______ small to see with an ordinary microscope. You need a powerful electron microscope to see a virus. Outside of a plant or animal cell, a (10) _______ is like a nonliving thing."

10. Outside of a plant or animal cell, a (10) _______ is like a nonliving thing.

Find mistakes among A B C and D and correct

Like it or not, there is the rain and not the car that will hold the key to the future of domestic travel.

Complete the passage with the words provided:
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
The first traffic signal was invented by a railway signaling engineer. It was installed (1) ___ the Houses of Parliament in 1868. It (2)_____ like any railway signal of the time, and was operated by gas.  (3) ____, it exploded and killed a policeman, and the accident discouraged further development until cars became common. (4) ____ traffic lights are an American invention. Red – green systems were installed in Cleveland in 1914. Three - color signals, operated (5) _____ hand from a tower in the (6) _____ of the street, were installed in New York in 1918. The first lights of this type to (7) ____ in Britain were in London, on the junction between St. James’s Street and Piccadilly, in 1925. Automatic signals were installed (8) ____ year later. In the past, traffic lights were special. In New York, some lights had a statue on top. In Los Angeles the lights did not just change silently, but would ring bells to (9) _____ the sleeping motorists of the 1930s. These are gone and have been (10) ____ by standard models which are universally adopted.

Complete the passage with the words provided:
Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is (1)______ complicated as it is serious. It is complicated (2)______ much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. (3)______, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of air pollution. But the automobile (4)______ transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much (5)______ the material that pollutes the air and water, but factories give employment to a large number of people. Thus, to end (6)_______ greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to (7)______ using many things that benefit them. Most of the people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be (8)______ reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the (9)______ of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that (10)______ businesses and traffic to stop, or to cut down on certain polluting activities

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks: 

Pollution

We are slowly (28)________ the earth. The seas and rivers are too dirty to swim in. There is so much smoke in the air that is unhealthy to live in many of the world’s cities. In one well-known city, for example, (29)________ gases from cars pollute the air so much that traffic policemen have to wear oxygen masks.

We have cut (30)________ so many trees that are now vast areas of wasteland all over the world. As a result, farmers in some parts of America can’t grow enough to eat. In certain countries in Asia, there is too little rice. (31)________, we do not take enough care of the countryside. Wild animals are quickly disappearing. For distance, tigers are rare in India now because we have killed too many for them to survive. We must act now before it is too (32)________ to do anything. Join us now. Save the earth. It is too important to ignore.

Question 30_________

Find mistakes among A B C and D and correct

After a while, the track we have been following became thick undergrowth

Complete the passage with the words provided:
Criticism
 It can (1) _________along time to become successful in your chosen field, however talented you are. One thing you have to be (2) _________ of is that you will face criticism along the way. The world is full of people who would rather say something negative than positive. If you’ve made up your (3) _________ to achieve a certain goal, such as writing a novel, don’t let the negative criticism of others prevent you from reaching your (4)_________ and let constructive criticism have a positive (5) _________ on your work. If someone says you’re totally (6) _________ in talent, ignore them. That’s negative criticism. If, however, someone advises you to revise your work and gives you good reasons for doing so, you should (7) _________ their suggestions carefully. There are many film stars who were once out of (8) _________. There are many famous novelists who made a complete (9) _________ of their first novel - or who didn’t, but had to keep on approaching hundreds of publishers before they could get it published. Being successful does depend on luck, to a certain extent. But things are more likely to (10) _________ well if you persevere and stay positive.

ACADEMICS AREN'T THE PROBLEM

Studies about how students use their time might shed light on whether they face increased academic and financial pressures compared with earlier eras.

Based on data about how students are spending time, academic or financial pressures don’t seem to be greater now than a generation ago. The data show that full-time students in all types of colleges study much less now than they did a generation ago - a full 10 hours a week less. Students are also receiving significantly higher grades. So it appears that academic pressures are, in fact, considerably lower than they used to be.

The time-use data don't suggest that students feel greater financial pressures, either. When the time savings and lower opportunity costs are factored in, college appears less expensive for most students than it was in the 1960s. And though there are now full-time students working to pay while in college, they study less even when paid work choices are held constantly.

In other words, full-time students do not appear to be studying less in order to work more. They appear to be studying less and spending the extra time on leisure activities or fun. It seems hard to imagine that students feeling increased financial pressures would respond by taking more leisure.

Based on how students are spending their time then, it doesn't look as though academic or financial pressures are greater now than a generation ago. The time-use data don’t speak directly to social pressures, and it may well be that these have become more intense lately.

In one recent set of data, students reported spending more than 23 hours per week either socializing with friends or playing on the computer for fun. Social activities, in person or on computer, would seem to have become the major focus of campus life. It is hard to tell what kinds of pressures would be associated with this change.

The study's conclusion that students' workload now is not greater than before is based on _______.