Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810, a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850’s an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860’s, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that massproduced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.

   Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban population created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890’s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. As easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870’s, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became afixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920’s and 1930’s.

   Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavily in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

What does the passage mainly discuss?

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• What is stated in paragraph 1 about Adler?

• Satellites are used to .............

• What of the White House was not yet complete when the Adamses moved in?

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• The four boys of the Beatles ...............

• What does the writer mean by saying ''education quite often produces surprises"?

• What is the main topic of this passage?

• Normal human beings .................

• According to the passage, great horned owls ..............

• The word “There” in paragraph 5 refers to ____.

• The “labellum” (line 7) is most comparable to ........

• The word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ............

• People thought Merlin was a dreamer because he ..............

•  According to the passage, the benefit of listening to music while learning and studying is that it ..............

• The word "astonished" in paragraph 4 can be best replaced by ........

• How did Juliette Davidson benefit from the experience of her first job?

• When is the most famous football game held annually?

• According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a person’s ............

• The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out ........

• According to the passage, travel books, biographies and memoirs ______.

• The word “emerged” means ...............