Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

What is the author’s main purpose in the first paragraph of to passage?

Câu hỏi liên quan

• The word “graduate” in line 2 is closest in meaning to ......

• Which of the following would most likely NOT be reflected in a person's costume, as it is defined in the passage?

• The most suitable title for the passage could be ______.

ZUNIA12

• Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from repid ecological change?

• What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about cold storage before the invention of artificial refrigeration?

• According to the author, what is one reason why the Internet is sometimes slow?

• The “labellum” (line 7) is most comparable to .........

• What can be inferred about railroads in 1849 from the information in the last paragraph?

• According to the passage, all of the following contributed to the spread of English around the world _________ .

• The word “sensational” is closest in meaning to ...........

• The word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to ...........

• This passage is mainly aimed at ......................

• The purpose of the projects mentioned is .................

• The word “elite” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ...............

• Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

• The word “their” in line 1 refers to ...........

•  According to the passage, what are two causes of declining business school enrollments?

• Which of the following is harmful according to the passage?

• What is the most likely subject of the paragraph following this passage?

• The author mentions all the following as examples of the behavior of desert animals EXCEPT ..........