It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.

The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species become extinct at the same time- a mass extinction. One of the best- known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when appropriately 95 percent of all species died. Mass extinction can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the ocean. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.

According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred ...........

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• The word "fused" in line 2 is closest in meaning to .......

• The word "absorb" in the passage 2 is closest in meaning to_________.

• The series was designed _____________

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• It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that ..............

• In the author’s judgment, ...............

• The word "their" in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

• The word “excluded” is closest meaning to .............

• Which of these statements is NOT TRUE?

• The word “indiscriminately” could best be replaced by which of the following?

• Why does the writer mention "John F. Kennedy" in line 3?

• What does the passage mainly discuss?

• The word “hidden” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

• The three phases of memory discussed in the pasage are differentiated according to .....

• What is the main topic of the passage?

• In paragraph 2, non-native species are mentioned as ______.

• The word “excluded” is closest meaning to ___________ .

• This passage is mainly about ............

• In the second paragraph, the word "stored" is closest in meaning to ............

• The author implies which of the following is true?

• What is the most important purpose of the ozone layer?