The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics. Patients do riot often believe they really need surgery- cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.

In the early year of the 20^th century, there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been advised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Cloyed blood vessels can be clean out, and broken ones mended and replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.

The scope of surgery has increase remarkable in the past decades. Its safety has increased, too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example, to certain types of birth defects in new born babies, and at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operation for the octogenarian .The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.

One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few decades ago, no person, except an identical twins, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of X-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have also been reasonably successful.

“Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the future but surgery is ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if the doctors say to you: “Yes, l think it is possible to operate on you for this condition”.

The main difficulty with organ transplants is .............

Câu hỏi liên quan

• What possible use for beta blockers was NOT discussed in this passage?

• The phrase “hacks for” in the title is closest in meaning to ..........

• What is stated in paragraph 1 about Adler?

ZUNIA12

• The word "innovative" in line 1 could best be replaced by ...............

• In the process of drying certain kinds of fruits, sulphur fumes help ______.

• The word “microbes” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?

• According to the passage, writing ...............

• The word “arrangement” in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the following?

• Why does the author mention a dog’s bark?

• The word “bizarre” is closest meaning to ..........

• It can be inferred from the passage that tsunamis ________ .

• According to the passage, in what way did the climate changes in the ice ages differ from the modern ones?

• What does the writer mean by saying ''education quite often produces surprises"?

• "Negative publicity" in the passage most likely means .................

• How are tsunami capable of obliterating coastal settlements?

• According to the passage, the difficulty in diagnosing allergies to foods is due to ___________.

• We can see from paragraph 5 that after his father’s death, Mantle ______.

• Applauding was cited as an example of ____________.

• The word “derived” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

• The word "their" in paragraph 1 refers to ______.