Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

   Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job. Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

   Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.

   There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.

The word “retrieves” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.

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• According to the passage, all of the followings are TRUE except ___________.

• What is Martin Luthur King well- known for?

• Why does the author refer to Gilbert White’s book in line 2?

ZUNIA12

• According to the text, Marrination, when built, will be a(an)__________ city.

• The word “forces” in line 9 could best be replaced by:

• The word “those” in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

• The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once" (paragraph 3) to explain that .....

• The phrase "All in all "in the passage  is closest in meaning to .............

• What does the passage mainly discuss?

• According to the text, the most important quality of a teacher is _______.

• According to the passage, cellphones are especially popular with young people because ______.

• Applauding was cited as an example of ____________.

• The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to________.

• The word "scrutinized" in the fourth paragraph could be replaced by .............

• It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.

• It can be inferred from the passage that John Adams was: 

• Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage?

• The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some ways EXCEPT .............

• The phrase “For example,” line 19, introduces a sentence that gives examples of ........

• The word "it" refers to ______.