Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

   Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job. Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

   Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.

   There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.

The word “retrieves” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.

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• The word “wink” in the second paragraph means most nearly the same as ............

• The writer himself __________ .

• What is not true about the Beatles?

ZUNIA12

• According to the passage, students working for their first degree at .............. are called undergraduates.

• What does the word "trilogy" in the first paragraph mean?

• It can be inferred from the passage that a person’s learning style ..............

• What do pads help the players to protect?

• Which of the following statements about the use of chemical agents as herbicides would the author most likely agree?

• The word “microbes” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?

• The word "grip" in the passage means to ..........

• The word "grip" in the passage means to ..........

• According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT ................

• In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that ...........

• What is the main focus of this passage?

• The word “triggering” is closest in meaning to __________

• Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

• The word "odd" is closest in meaning to ........

• According to the passage, the first refrigerated railcar used what material as a cooling agent?

• According to the text, future post graduates should start working as teachers _______

• Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to ..................