It is hard to think of a world without gas or electricity. Both are commonly used for lighting and heating today. We now can instantly flick a lighter or strike a match to make a flame. But it was not long ago that there were no such things as matches or lighters. To make fire, it was necessary to strike a piece of iron on flint for sparks to ignite some tinder. If the tinder was damp, or the flint old, you had to borrow some fire from a neighbor.

We do not know exactly when or how people first used fire. Perhaps, many ages ago, they found that sticks would burn if they were dropped into some hole where melted lava from a volcano lay boiling. They brought the lighted sticks back to make their fire in a cave. Or, they may have seen trees catch fire through being struck by lightning, and used the trees to start their own fires.

Gradually people learned they could start a fire without traveling far to find flames. They rubbed two pieces ot wood together. This method was used for thousands of years.

When people became used to making fires with which to cook food and stay warm at night, they found that certain resins or gums from trees burnt longer and brighter. They melted resins and dipped branches in the liquid to make torches that lit their homes at night. Iron stands in which torches used to be fixed can still be seen in old buildings of Europe.

There was no lighting in city streets until gas lamps, and then electric lamps were installed.

Boys ran about London at night carrying torches of burning material. They were called torch boys, or link boys, and earned a living by guiding visitors to friends’ houses at night.

For centuries homes were lit by candles until oil was found. Even then, oil lamps were no more effective than a cluster of candles. We read about the splendors and marvels of ancient palaces and castles, but we forget that they must have been gloomy and murky places at night.

What form of street lighting was used in London when link boys used to work there?

Câu hỏi liên quan

• The author mentions the “ shoesbox under the bed” in order to ___________.

• The word “downside” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to_________.

• Based on the passage, what is probably true about the south of France?

ZUNIA12

• The word “reluctant” in the third paragraph can best be replaced by ............

• The passage is mainly about __________

• How high is the wave of the tsunami when it reaches the shore?

• In the Middle East, people do not use their left hands for eating because they use their left hands ................

• Why did people name Cambridge the “city of Cambridge”?

• Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

• According to the writer, “A picture is worth a thousand words” means __________.

• When is the wedding ceremony completed?

• The word “vary” in paragraph 6 can be best replaced by ___________.

• It can be inferred from the passage that the courtship of great horned owls ................

• Sixty years ago, most women ..............

• According to the author, one mark of a civilized society is that if ..............

• It took welfare programs a long time to gain a foothold in the U.S. due to the fast growth of______.

• The passage implies that insects would be most attracted to lantana blossoms __________

• The word “uniformity” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

• In paragraph 5, the author suggests that ..........

• According to the passage, which animals appear most often on the cave walls?