It is hard to think of a world without gas or electricity. Both are commonly used for lighting and heating today. We now can instantly flick a lighter or strike a match to make a flame. But it was not long ago that there were no such things as matches or lighters. To make fire, it was necessary to strike a piece of iron on flint for sparks to ignite some tinder. If the tinder was damp, or the flint old, you had to borrow some fire from a neighbor.

We do not know exactly when or how people first used fire. Perhaps, many ages ago, they found that sticks would burn if they were dropped into some hole where melted lava from a volcano lay boiling. They brought the lighted sticks back to make their fire in a cave. Or, they may have seen trees catch fire through being struck by lightning, and used the trees to start their own fires.

Gradually people learned they could start a fire without traveling far to find flames. They rubbed two pieces ot wood together. This method was used for thousands of years.

When people became used to making fires with which to cook food and stay warm at night, they found that certain resins or gums from trees burnt longer and brighter. They melted resins and dipped branches in the liquid to make torches that lit their homes at night. Iron stands in which torches used to be fixed can still be seen in old buildings of Europe.

There was no lighting in city streets until gas lamps, and then electric lamps were installed.

Boys ran about London at night carrying torches of burning material. They were called torch boys, or link boys, and earned a living by guiding visitors to friends’ houses at night.

For centuries homes were lit by candles until oil was found. Even then, oil lamps were no more effective than a cluster of candles. We read about the splendors and marvels of ancient palaces and castles, but we forget that they must have been gloomy and murky places at night.

What form of street lighting was used in London when link boys used to work there?

Câu hỏi liên quan

• The word “Ornaments” in paragraph 3 is closet in meaning to _______.

• The first to support the equality of the sexes was _______.

• Which of the following statements is true of the U.S. Department of Transportation?

ZUNIA12

• The phrase “these years” in the third paragraph refers to ________.

• Psychological reasons for wearing garments include _______.

• According to the passage, which of the following sentence is NOT true?

• What is Martin Luthur King well- known for?

• What kind of film is each program?

• The expression day-to-day could best be replaced by which of the following?

• What is implied in the last sentence of the passage?

• What is the purpose of the paragraph 1?

• According to the passage, writing ...............

• The word "discrete" in line 16 is closest in meaning to ......

• The “pounds” in the second paragraph are probably_______.

• The word “employment” in line 4 refers to the ......

• Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

• According to the last two paragraphs, Amy Rouse thinks that ______.

• The author states that the reason that infants need to avoid certain foods related to allergies has to do with the infant's ________.

• Which sentence is NOT true about studio musicians?

• The word "scrutinized" in the fourth paragraph could be replaced by .............