Animation traditionally is done by hand-drawing or painting successive frame of an object, each slightly different than the proceeding frame. In computer animation, although the computer may be the one to draw the different frames, in most cases the artist will draw the beginning and ending frames and the computer will produce the drawings between the first and the last drawing. This is generally referred to as computer-assisted animation, because the computer is more of a helper than an originator.

   In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the final sequences of pictures. These formulas operate on extensive databases of numbers that defines the objects in the pictures as they exist in mathematical space. The database consists of endpoints, and color and intensity information. Highly trained professionals are needed to produce such effects because animation that obtains high degrees of realism involves computer techniques from three-dimensional transformation, shading, and curvatures.

   High-tech computer animation for film involves very expensive computer systems along with special color terminals or frame buffers. The frame buffer is nothing more than a giant image memory for viewing a single frame. It temporarily holds the image for display on the screen.

   A camera can be used to film directly from the computer’s display screen, but for the highest quality images possible, expensive film recorders are used. The computer computers the positions and colors for the figures in the picture, and sends this information to the recorder, which captures it on film. Sometimes, however, the images are stored on a large magnetic disk before being sent to the recorder. Once this process is completed, it is replaced for the next frame. When the entire sequence has been recorded on the film, the film must be developed before the animation can be viewed. If the entire sequence does not seem right, the motions must be corrected, recomputed, redisplayed, and rerecorded. This approach can be very expensive and time – consuming. Often, computer-animation companies first do motion tests with simple computer-generated line drawings before selling their computers to the task of calculating the high-resolution, realistic-looking images.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Which of the following statement is supported by the passage?

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• What do pads help the players to protect?

• Which of the following would NOT be a problem for the construction plan?

• We sometimes think of writing as more real than speech because ..................

ZUNIA12

• According to the writer, people should ______.

• When we apologize, ..............

• Which of the following might be the topic of the next paragraph?

• The word "contacts" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ..............

• Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 about earthquakes?

• What causes dodder to grow in a particular direction?

• Why is the Mongolian women's status in the community “elevated”?

• What is the main idea of this passage?

• All of the following are advantages of business “Intranets” mentioned in the passage EXCEPT__________

• According to the passage, the positions and colors of the figures in high-tech animation are determined by ..........

• The passage implies that insects would be most attracted to lantana blossoms __________

• It can be inferred from the passage that limestone deposits serve as the basis of ...........

• From what we read we know that now Cambridge is _______.

• What can the word invokes be best replaced by?

• In what year did Melville’s book about his experiences as a cabin boy appear?

• Is it difficult to learn how to apologize somebody?

• Why does the author mention “the gold and silver rushes of the 1850's and 1860's” in the first paragraph?