Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.  "The doctor said to my father that ______ he ate lots of fatty food, he  would increase his chance of developing heart disease."

Tom always _____ breakfast before going to work.

Years ago there were many social rules and etiquette procedures involving introductions. Some formal introductions between two people were (i) _______ by letter by third party. A person had to be very careful to weigh the importance of social class or status, age, and gender when deciding (ii) _______  person should be presented or introduced to the other person first. However, times have changed, and most of the social rules about introducing older people to younger ones, women to men, and those in higher positions to those in lower positions have changed, too. Many people now feel much more (iii) _______ about making introductions. In most situations, handshaking is (iv) _______ , but these days it is more often done than not-especially in formal social or business settings. It’s very common for one person (or both) to extend a hand when meeting someone. If you are in this situation, and you are offered a hand to shake, you should grasp it firmly and shake it briefly. People often tend to make some (v) _______ about someone according to their handshakes, so make sure yours is not too weak or limp, not too hard, and not too long-lasting. It should be firm and brief.

(v)_______

The Penny Black is the name of the world’s postage stamp. It was introduced by the U.K. in 1840 and is perhaps the most famous stamp ever issued. It has a (i) _____ of the young Queen Victoria and because of its colour, and its price of one penny, it is known as the “Penny Black”. Before 1840, postage rates for delivery of letters in the U.K. depended on the (ii) _____ the letter had to travel and the number of sheets of paper used. Furthermore, at that time it was not possible to pay for your letter before you sent it. The postage had to be paid by the receiver (iii) _____ than the sender of the letter. The Penny Black changed everything: al the rate of one penny, letters that did not weigh more than half an ounce could be sent to any destination in the U.K. Nowadays, Penny Black stamps are not all that rare although they are (iv) _____ regarded by stamp collectors. About 68 million of these stamps were issued between 1840 and 1841,and it is thought that about 1.5 million of these survive today. The price of the stamp today varies according to whether it has been used or not and its condition. A line used copy can be bought for around 77 pound or less, while unused examples are quite rare and sold for 2,000 pound or more. To honour the U.K. for having issued the world’s first postage stamp, the Universal Postal Union has made an exception regarding its rule that the name of the country must (v) _____ on a stamp. No British stamp to date has ever had the country name on it.

(i)______

My sister’s hobby is ________ outdoor activities.

 I bought _________ umbrella to go out in the rain. 

Keeping fit and healthy may seem difficult, but there are few easy-to-follow guidelines. Firstly, a balanced diet is absolutely essential. This means selecting food that is (i) ______ in salt and sugar.

Experts recommend reducing the amount of fat in your diet as too much can lead to heart problems. They also suggest increasing the (ii) ______ of high fiber food we cat. This comes in the form of fresh fruit, vegetables, whole meal bread and pasta. As well as being packed (iii) ______ vitamins and minerals, they are delicious, too. Secondly, it’s important to fit exercise into your daily routine. This can be done by simply walking as much as possible and climbing stairs instead of (iv) ______           the lift. Exercise is necessary to maintain a healthy body, as well as increasing energy levels and making you feel generally filler and happier. Finally, slaying relaxed is important for good health. Too much stress can lead to a variety of illnesses, from headaches to high blood pressure. (v) ______ possible, do things you enjoy and treat yourself occasionally. So the message is simple enjoy yourself but learn to respect your body, too. It’s all a question of getting the balance right.

(iv)______

We are using up the world’s petroleum. We use it in our cars and to heat our building in winter. Farmers use petrochemicals to make the soil rich. They use them to kill insects (i) _______ eat plants. These chemicals go into rivers and lakes and kill the fish there. Thousands of pollutants also go into the air and pollute it. Winds carry this (ii) _______ air to other countries and other continents. Poor farmers use the same land over and over. The land needs a rest so it will be better next year. However, the farmers must have food this year. Poor people cut down forests (iii) _______ firewood. In some areas when the trees are gone, the land becomes desert. Poor people can’t save the environment for the (iv) _______ . This is not a problem for one country or one area of the world. It is a problem for all- humans. The people and the nations of the world must work together to (v) _______  the world’s resources.

(i)_____-

Beware …………..pickpockets! 

_________ starts at seven o’clock. 

She used to be thin, but she is filled  ......  a lot.

To many people, smoking is not just a pleasure, it is an (i) _______ . They need it, depend on it and can’t stop it. If they haven’t smoked for some hours, they feel a (ii) _______ cigarette. They often (iii) _______  which means they light another cigarette immediately after they have put out the one before. Smoking is often considered antisocial, since many people don’t like the odour of cigarettes or the sight of the smoker’s (iv) _______ fingers or ashtray full of cigarette – ends. Above all, smoking is harmful to health and in many countries a warning is printed on every (v) _______ of cigarettes. Scientists have proved that there is a link between smoking and a disease which can be fatal, cancer.

(ii)_______

____________ me how to play the drum.

It used to be thought that people could not swallow well in space, so the food programmes for astronauts consisted of bite – sized pieces of food pushed out of tubes. But now it is known that you can cat in space in the same way as on Earth. The physical constraints lie in the body of the spaceship rather than the body of the astronaut. Limited storage and cooking facilities, with no space or power to (i) _______  for complex food preparation, mean that the (ii) _______  for space nutritionists has gone beyond providing astronauts with food that is palatable and good for them. The solution has emerged in the form of dehydrated foods. Simply add water to the freeze – dried granules. With space flights often lasting more than a week, astronauts cannot live on granules alone. They also take pre- cooked meals scaled in bags, which they (iii) _______  up in a small oven. There are tastier than granules but, according to Dr. Helen Lane, a researeh putritionist, it is difficult to  get astronauts to cat as much as they need. It is partly that they are so busy but also because there is no stimulation. So tickling their taste buds is an uphill struggle, especially since one of the effects of zero gravity is to (iv) _______  the sense of smell. Weightlessness is an important consideration in space food because of the danger that the food might fragment and float off in different (v) _______  . “We need foods that coalesce”, says Dr. Lane. “Yoghurts, puddings sauces all hold together in large droplets. Your spoon may float away, but the food will stay on it.”

(ii)_______

What’s in a name? In the case of the secretary, it can be something rather surprising to call a secretary “anyone who handle correspondence, keeps records and docs clerical work for others”. But while this particular job definition looks a bit (i) _____, the word’s original meaning is a hundred times more exotic and perhaps more appropriate. The word itself has been with US since the 14th century and comes the mediaeval Latin word secretaries meaning “Something hidden”. Secretaries started out as those members of staff with knowledge hidden from the ones mysteriously operating the secret machinery of organizations.A few years ago “Something hidden” probably meant kept out of sight, lucked away with all the other secretaries and typists. A good secretary was an unremarkable one, efficiently (ii) _____ orders, and then returning mouse-like to his or her station behind the typewriter, but, with the (iii) _____ of new technology, the job effectively upgraded itself and the role has changed to one closer to the original meaning. The skills required are more demanding and more technical. Companies are (iv) _____ that secretarial staff should already be highly trained in, or at least familiar with, a range of word processing packages. The professionals in the recruitment business see all these developments as improving the jobs which secretaries are being asked to do. It may also encourage a dramatic (v) _____ in office practice. In the past it was usual to regard the secretary as almost dehumanized, to be seen and not heard.

(iv)_______

Choose A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions: 

It’s impossible for me being there before 8 p.m

It is difficult to imagine a world without tomatoes. High in the Andes mountain of modern-day Peru, the local inhabitants have ben cultivating and eating tomatoes since prehistoric times, but the food has only become (i) _____ in the rest of the world relatively recently. These days, the bright red fruit plays an important role in the cooking of many cultures and is key ingredient in many types of fast food, (ii) _____ both taste and colour to dishes that otherwise would be rather ordinary. The tomato belongs to the nightshade family of plants, many members of which are poisonous. When they were first imported into North America, therefore, tomatoes were viewed with (iii) _____ and people tended to use them as table decorations rather than as food. In Europe, the tomato was first grown in Italy in 1555, although it wasn’t combined with pasta until much later. The first recipe for tomato ketchup dated from 1727 and in the 1800s, tomatoes began to be used more (iv) _____ in sauces and soups. These days, as well as tasting good, tomatoes are known to contain substances which are good lor our heath. Nutritionists (v) _____ out, however, that many processed tomato products also contain additives such as salt and sugar which can reduce the beneficial effects of the fruit.

(i)_______

A worrying question which requires global attention is severe over-population and its drastic effects in the countries of the Third World. In regions where the birth (i) _____ is extremely high, poverty and starvation are rife. In India, there is (ii) _____ of thirty five infants being bom every minute, yet the most shocking figures are those which indicate the enormous number of the victims of famine in certain African territories. Communities afflicted with acute destitution are additionally confronted with illiteracy, life in appalling conditions and infectious diseases decimating the (iii) _____ populations.

There is an urgent need for these problems to be solved or else they might continue bring about innumerable worries upon the affluent societies ties around the world. Unless measures are taken to (iv) _____ the  uffering of the impoverished undeveloped nations, desperate crowds of immigrants will persist in flooding the richer states in seareh of a brighter future. It’s the most (v) _____ task for the international giants nowadays to help the poor populations get out of the poverty trap.

(i)_____

Stress is our body’s reaction to events or conditions that we cannot easily manage or control. When we are troubled by something, we usually experience some types of stress. There are thousand conditions that (i) _______ us to become tense. These may be major and horrible lighting for our lives in a war, being imprisoned or facing death. On the other hand, minor (ii) _______ in our daily lives cause stress as well: waiting in lines, taking a quiz, or asking for or accepting a date. Although we usually think of stress as something caused by unpleasant events, pleasant happenings also bring stress. As a new researeh is done on the effects of stress, new techniques are developed to help (iii) _______ with anxiety. One aid is to plan for situations that wc know will be stressful. Some imagine the event before it happens, thus preparing their minds and bodies for the tension. Others pretend they are on a pleasant beach (iv) _______ in the sunshine; soon their bodies relax and tension melts away. Other people believe strenuous exercise helps the body handle the problems of daily life. It matters very little which method we use to relax; what docs matter is finding the time to temporarily reduce the (v) _______ of modem life on our brain and body.

(iv)________

People love to complain. Moaning to friends can be a source of relief from the stresses and strains of work, study or relationships. But when it comes to protesting to a retailer about faulty good and services, many of US find we don’t have nerve and choose to (i) _____ in silence. By the time we do eventually summon up the courage to make our point, we have generally already allowed the problem to get to us, and we are angry. In this stale, we can all too (ii) _____ become aggressive, gearing up for battle and turning what should be a rational discussion into a conflict. To complain effectively, you need to be specific about your problem and communicate it clearly using words which are objective and fair. (iii) _____ over the top with emotional language and unreasonable claims will get you nowhere.

Good negotiators tend to be calm and logical. They start by explaining situation and stating their requirements clearly, without threat. Most complains prompt a defensive (iv) _____ from the other person, but by being reasonable yourself, you stand more chance of achieving the positive (v) _____ you want.

(i)_______

The UK Government ensures that all schools in the UK meet certain standards, and this includes independent schools as well as those that are (i) _______ by the Government. All qualifications are awarded by national agencies accredited by the Qualification and Curriculum Authority (ỌCA), so the quality of the qualifications you will gain is guaranteed. Al many independent schools in England, you will be encouraged to take part (ii) _______ extracurricular activities to develop your hobbies and learn new skills, and you may be encouraged to lake graded music exams (iii) _______ by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of MusiC. The exam grades gained from these are widely accepted toward university entry requirements. Independent schools do not usually offer vocationally focused qualifications but if you are (iv) _______ in these qualifications, you can find out more in the ‘career­ based and pre-university qualifications’ section. The fees you pay to attend independent school, include your course fees, accommodation and may include some or all extracurricular activities. Fees (v) _______  from school to school and are at the discretion of the institution; there are no national standards. You should expect to pay a minimum of £8,000 per year and fees can be as high as £25,000.

(ii)_______