Part of the sunlight that strikes the Earth is reflected into the sky, and a rest is absorbed by the ground.

Stress is our body’s reaction to events or conditions that we cannot easily manage or control. When we are troubled by something, we usually experience some types of stress. There are thousand conditions that (i) _______ us to become tense. These may be major and horrible lighting for our lives in a war, being imprisoned or facing death. On the other hand, minor (ii) _______ in our daily lives cause stress as well: waiting in lines, taking a quiz, or asking for or accepting a date. Although we usually think of stress as something caused by unpleasant events, pleasant happenings also bring stress. As a new researeh is done on the effects of stress, new techniques are developed to help (iii) _______ with anxiety. One aid is to plan for situations that wc know will be stressful. Some imagine the event before it happens, thus preparing their minds and bodies for the tension. Others pretend they are on a pleasant beach (iv) _______ in the sunshine; soon their bodies relax and tension melts away. Other people believe strenuous exercise helps the body handle the problems of daily life. It matters very little which method we use to relax; what docs matter is finding the time to temporarily reduce the (v) _______ of modem life on our brain and body.

(ii)________

Parrots and macaws have become so rare that special varieties of these birds are fetching up to £9,000 each on the black market in Britain. Macaws from Brazil cost from £1,000 and parrots from Australia can cost £7,500 a pair. The demand for parrots, cockatoos and macaws has led to a (i) _______ increase in thefts from zoos, wildlife parks and pet shops. London and Whipsnade zoos are among the many places from which parrots have been stolen. Some thefts have not been (ii) _______  in an effort to prevent further incidents. Parrot rustling, as it is known among bird fanciers, has increased rapidly in Britain since 1976 when imports and exports of exotic birds became (iii) _______ controlled. Quarantine controls, coupled with the scareity of many types of paiTOts in the wild in Africa, Australia, Indonesia, and South America, have caused a shortage of birds which can be sold legally under (iv) _______. This has sent prices to (v) _______ levels. Working al night and equipped with wire-cutters, nets and substances to dope the birds, the rustlers are prepared to take serious risks to capture the parrots they want. At Birdworld, a specialist zoo, thieves stole two parrots after picking their way through an enclosure containing cassowaries. The cassowary is a large flightless bird, related to the emu, which can be extremely agressive, and has been known to kill humans with blows from its powerful legs.

(v)_______

lí’you’re interested in having the trip of a lifetime, but also doing something useful at the same time, then why not try joining a Grccnforcc expedition as a volunteer. Grccnforcc, which was (i) _____ in 1997, is an international researeh agency that gathers information about the wildlife and natural habitats in various parts of the world. There is a qualified biologist in (ii) _____ of each team of volunteers and these carry out surveys all year round in some of the world’s remotest and most beautiful places. Volunteers come from all walks of life. The minimum age is 18 years, but there is no upper age (iii)  _____. No previous experience is necessary as Greenforce provides full training in animal identification and survey methods. You’ll need to be somebody who enjoys the outdoor life, however, as working in remote locations can be challenging. You’ll also need to be (iv) _____ about wildlife and prepared to learn a lot about the place you visit. Each expedition lasts for ten weeks, and training begins in the UK with a residential weekend where you can get a taste of expedition life and meet up with some of your team mates, as (v) _____ as learning about first- aid and basic survival skills. Each volunteer contributes 2,550 towards the cost of the expedition, but past volunteers say it is worth every penny.

(v)_______

Mrs White always talks to her baby as though he ......  an adult.

I don’t know what to do. It’s _________ problem. 

The UK Government ensures that all schools in the UK meet certain standards, and this includes independent schools as well as those that are (i) _______ by the Government. All qualifications are awarded by national agencies accredited by the Qualification and Curriculum Authority (ỌCA), so the quality of the qualifications you will gain is guaranteed. Al many independent schools in England, you will be encouraged to take part (ii) _______ extracurricular activities to develop your hobbies and learn new skills, and you may be encouraged to lake graded music exams (iii) _______ by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of MusiC. The exam grades gained from these are widely accepted toward university entry requirements. Independent schools do not usually offer vocationally focused qualifications but if you are (iv) _______ in these qualifications, you can find out more in the ‘career­ based and pre-university qualifications’ section. The fees you pay to attend independent school, include your course fees, accommodation and may include some or all extracurricular activities. Fees (v) _______  from school to school and are at the discretion of the institution; there are no national standards. You should expect to pay a minimum of £8,000 per year and fees can be as high as £25,000.

(iii)_______

Choose A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions: 

They speak English well because they practise speak it everyday

Traditionally, spas were places which had a spring of mineral water, where people who were sick went to recover from an illness or (i) _____ a disease. Spas were developed by the (ii) _____ Romans, who built public bath houses over hot volcanic springs. Some Roman baths could accommodate up to 6,000 bathers, and had restaurants, sports centres, swimming pools, gardens and libraries. An extremely low entrance fee ensured the popularity of the baths. There was no fixed order in which the rooms were used. People might begin with a hard workout, before going to the Warm Room to relax, have a vigorous massage in olive oil and then (iii) _____ a good soak in a warm bath. Next, they could take a bath in the Hot Room, before cooling down the Cold Room. After that, they might (iv) _____ for a swim, read some poetry in the library, have a (v) _____ to eat, or talk about urgent matters of state in a private talk room

(iv)_______

Choose A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions: 

She said the letter was personal and wouldn't let me to reach it

Emily Can- had a very strong (i) _______ . She was very independent and creative, (ii) _______ she was also moody and unfriendly with people she didn’t like. In the studio (iii) _______ painted, the chairs were hanging from the ceiling with ropes so there was no place for visitors to sit down. Maybe if she liked the visitor, she would use a rope to (iv) _______ a chair to sit on! She had a soft spot for (v)_______ and kept dogs, cats, rabbits and even a pct monkey named “Woo”!

(iv)_____

I wish someone ....  to help me with that work tomorrow.

In their latest attack, terrorists have attempted to blow _________ the bridge 

It used to be thought that people could not swallow well in space, so the food programmes for astronauts consisted of bite – sized pieces of food pushed out of tubes. But now it is known that you can cat in space in the same way as on Earth. The physical constraints lie in the body of the spaceship rather than the body of the astronaut. Limited storage and cooking facilities, with no space or power to (i) _______  for complex food preparation, mean that the (ii) _______  for space nutritionists has gone beyond providing astronauts with food that is palatable and good for them. The solution has emerged in the form of dehydrated foods. Simply add water to the freeze – dried granules. With space flights often lasting more than a week, astronauts cannot live on granules alone. They also take pre- cooked meals scaled in bags, which they (iii) _______  up in a small oven. There are tastier than granules but, according to Dr. Helen Lane, a researeh putritionist, it is difficult to  get astronauts to cat as much as they need. It is partly that they are so busy but also because there is no stimulation. So tickling their taste buds is an uphill struggle, especially since one of the effects of zero gravity is to (iv) _______  the sense of smell. Weightlessness is an important consideration in space food because of the danger that the food might fragment and float off in different (v) _______  . “We need foods that coalesce”, says Dr. Lane. “Yoghurts, puddings sauces all hold together in large droplets. Your spoon may float away, but the food will stay on it.”

(v)_______

Just as more English is being taught in primary schools worldwide, so there are a growing number of language schools in English- speaking countries that are offering courses are (i) _______ to 11 – year – olds and upwards, with a few that cater for children as young as seven. But what is a (ii) _______ age to start sending children abroad to study? After all, even adult learners find the experience of traveling to a strange country and encountering people who speak a bare (iii) _______ language challenging. A great deal depends on how a child has been (iv) _______ up. For example, if they have been exposed to new things and have already stared to learn independence, then they are likely to enjoy the experience. In addition, children who have previously travelled abroad with their parents will be well prepared to undertake a study (v)_________ _______ in an English – speaking country on their own. Getting used to the idea that other countries have different customs and cultures is an important stage in the process of learning a foreign language.

(v)______

My sister’s hobby is ________ outdoor activities.

Linda and Daisy are talking about the environment.

Linda: “Our environment is getting more and more polluted. Do you think so?”

Daisy: “  ...............  . It’s really worrying.”

Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.  "The doctor said to my father that ______ he ate lots of fatty food, he  would increase his chance of developing heart disease."

From next year, every student in their final year at our school will study for a compulsory Diploma of Practical Achievement.

This will be in addition to the (i) _____ examinations. Up to now, the course has been optional, but from now on every student must (ii) _____ it. The aim is to (iii) _____ students with “life skills”, which the Diploma divides into eight categories. These cover a range of things relevant to life beyond school, from sending an e-mail to giving presentations to an audience. Under the heading “survival”, (iv) _____, students can learn car maintenance, first aid and cooking. We have discovered that many students cannot do simple things such as mend a puncture or boil an egg. At the other extreme, the Diploma includes such things as how to design a webpage and how to (v) _____ if someone has a heart attack. It has been called a “Diploma in Common Sense”.

(v)______

We often go to school by _________ bicycle. 

Carefully conducted studies that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to shown any long-term problems, compared with children of working mothers stayed at home. My personal (i) _______  is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot expect to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not (ii) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it refers to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (iii) _______ the street. In reality, however, many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (iv) _______ normal stage of child development.Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that, they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in first week, you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it’s the (v) _______ that matters.

(iv)_____-