Today large sums of money go into the search for treatments for a whole range of diseases. Three hundred years ago, when European explorers returned from distant lands with unfamiliar substances they’d found there, the problem was how to (i) _____ the illnesses for which these new imports could possibly be a cure. When the brown chocolate bean was first (ii) _____  into Britain from Mexico, it was thought to have medicinal qualities. Sir Hans Sloane was the man who is said to have (iii) _____  with the idea of mixing the powdered bean with milk. Sloane was an important figure in eighteenth-century London, a landowner whose name lives on in some of the city’s most fashionable streets and squares. Less appreciated is his contribution to the beginning of a national addiction; the (iv) _____ Briton gets through eight kilograms of chocolate a year, a level of consumption exceeded only by the Swiss. Today, when almost every pleasure is regarded as addictive, the name ‘chocoholics” is given to people who can’t get enough of the stuff. (v) _____ of its fat and sugar content, chocolate is usually an enemy of slender elegance.

(V)_______

Child workers, some as young as 10, have been found working in a textile factory in conditions described as close to slavery to produce clothes that appear destined for one of the major high street retailers. Speaking to a British newspaper, the children described long hours of (i) _______ work and threats and beatings. The company said it was unaware that clothing intended for its stores had been improperly (ii) _______  to a sweatshop that used child labour. It further announced the alleged breaches of the ethical code it imposed on manufacturers three years ago. The discovery of these children working in appalling conditions in the Shahpur Jat area of Delhi has renewed concerns about the (iii) _______ by some large retail chains of their garment production to India, recognized by the United Nations as one of the world’s hotspots for child labour. According to one estimate, over 20 per cent of India’s economy is (iv) _______ on children, which comes to a total of 50 million youngster under 14 working. Consumers in the West should not only be demanding answers from retailers about how theứ (v) _______ are produced but also be looking into their consciences at how they spend their money and whether cheap prices in the west are worth the suffering caused to so many children.

(ii)_____

In the future, people could live in “smart homes” that will tell them when to wake up or remind them to (i) _____  the front door. These homes will be equipped with electronic sensors connected to a computer that will remind people to take their medicine or turn off the oven. This computerized system, with about thirty sensors will be (ii) _____ to talk and negotiate with the tenant. It will also have the ability to (iii)  out if it is doing something that might be harmful. The aim of the “smart home” is to allow the elderly to live independently in their own homes for as long as possible, instead of moving into nursing homes. The number of people living into their 80s is expected to increase dramatically in the next few decades. As a result, there will probably be a great demand for these homes, which will enable the elderly to keep their independence and privacy. In addition to reminding them about things they may have forgotten to do, the system would contact a volunteer in (iv) _____ of illness or danger. At the moment a bioengineer at Brunei University near London is working with several housing associations, communication companies and charities in order to make this (v)     _____ home a reality. Although he is planning to put up new homes and apartments with the system, he says that it would also be possible to change existing homes, too.

(ii)______-

 _________ president of the United States will be visiting Australia next week. 

Are you a fan of the popular logical puzzle that go by the name Sudoku? Even if you’re not, the chances are you know somebody who is. Once (i) _______ known outside Japan, this addictive brain teaser has become a common feature of newspaper puzzle pages all over the world. Sudoku’s great success owes much to its simplicity. The game (ii) _______ for neither mathematical ability nor general knowledge and there are just a few sentences of straightforward instructions to read before you can play. The only skill required is the ability to recognize the difference between nine different symbols, and these don’t even have to be numbers. Some clever marketing has helped the game. Western newspapers worked hard at promoting the game Without this, it is unlikely that it would have (iii) _______ off and become quite such a runaway success. The same also benefited from its Japanese name that made people in many parts of the world regard. It as a superior kind of puzzle compared to those you usually find in newspapers and magazines. But the popularity of Sudoku reached a peak in 2006, if the number of (iv) _______  on one leading website is anything to go by. Newspapers responded by (v) _______ up with new kinds of logical puzzles, all with simple rules and Japanese names. But for true Sudoku fans, only the real thing will do.

(ii)_____

For all the talk of what humankind has done to cause destruction to the planet, we should not forget that nature itself is a powerful force, capable of doing damage on a huge scale. The greenhouse (i) _____ and the hole in the ozone layer are indeed made worse by the industrialized society we live in. However, we must remember that there are certain species of plant and animal which, quite naturally, (ii) _____ offgases that are very harmful to the atmosphere. And only fifty years ago in London, hundreds of people died from the smog which hung over the River thames. What is interesting here is that, yes, smoke and gases from industry, vehicles and fossil (iii) _____  were ingredients in this deadly mixture. The other vital ingredient, though, was the completely natural fog, and who would have thought that could be harmful? In the early days of the industrial revolution, poets, painters and philosophers described how the polluted urban skies made them think of the end the world. Well, towards the end of the nineteenth century, the volcanic eruption of Krakatoa nearly made it happen! Though of tons of dust and ash were thrown into the air and, for years afterwards, there were red sunsets caused by the light filtering through this natural pollution. Remembering scientists pet theory about the dinosaurs (iv) _____ out because of a huge volcanic eruption, we were lucky that humankind survived this time. So next time you look out from your garden or balcony and see a beautiful red sunset, think of the possibilities. It could be the result of our activities poisoning the air we breathe, or it might just be (v) _____ turning on the radio to check there haven’t been any major eruptions lately!

(iii)______

Two close friends Tom and Jane are talking about Jane’s upcoming birthday. Select the most suitable response to complete the exchange.

- Tom: “ Can I bring a friend to your birthday party?”

- Jane: “  ................   .”

I ran  ......  George in the library.

Everyone has to tidy up around the house sometimes, but the new idea known as “decluttering” goes further than that. By showing you how to get (i)________________ of all the things you don’t need, dccluttcring can actually help you lead a healthier, less stressful lifestyle. At least, that is the belief of professional dccluttcring consultant, Clare Davis visits her clients in their homes and (ii)__________ them on what to keep, what to throw out, and how best to arrange the furniture and storage space. But Clare does more than just tidying a desk or clearing out a wardrobe that is stuffed with last year’s fashion items. She aims to get to the root of the problem. According to Clare, if your home is disorganized and untidy then so is your mind, and your happiness and health will(iii)__________________________ as a result. She believes that everything in the house should either have a function or be something you really cherish. Many people hold on to things for the wrong reasons. And so the first step in Clare’s dccluttcring programme is to remove everything her clients don’t need, like clothes they have grown (iv)_____________________________ of and objects they no longer need. Clare’s clients speak (v)__________ of her. All sorts of people from writers to computer programmers have said they found her service useful. Many have said that her decluttering programme has helped them to become more organized.

(v)______

Travelling abroad is getting easier and easier for young people nowadays. If you take the time to talk to travel (i) _____.and shop around, some really good deals can be found. Eurorail and interrail are two travel cards which allow people aged 20 or under, unlimited travel in Europe, mainly by train. It’s quite a good idea to plan your (ii) _____ before you set off. Most young travelers stay on campsites or in youth hostels, as they are quite cheap. Unbelievable bargains can be found by last-minute bookings for charter flights. Remember to (iii) _____.with your luggage two hours before take-off forinternational flights. But don’t take too much with you or you won’t be able to carry it to the bus or taxi that will take you to your hotel. It is advisable to carry traveler’s cheques rather than cash, and keep them in a money belt around your waist. Look after your passport and tickets carefully. If disaster (iv) ______ .and all your valuables are stolen, contact your nearest (v) _____   .There they’ll help you with all the paperwork and make sure you get home safely.

(i)_____

Tom offered .......  Jane a ticket to the theater, but she refused to take it.

Everyone needs a home where they feel sheltered and sale. Today we live in modem flats and houses, (i) ________ have air- conditioning to keep us cool, and heating to keep US warm. There is electricity for lighting and supplies of gas or oil for the heating. Hot and cold water (ii)__________________ from the taps and

dirty water disappears (iii)_________ the drains. Many of our homes have balconies or gardens. In the past, people made their homes from materials that they found nearby. When we look at different houses, we can tell how old they are from the materials used and the way they were built. It was different long (iv) ________ people did not have water in their homes and there were no electric lights. To keep warm,they sometimes made (v)________ inside their homes. With a fire started they could cook their food and heat waler

(iv)____

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. Little Mary had a disadvantaged childhood with little education and money.

_________ England won the World Cup.

She remembered  .........  that woman last month.

It used to be thought that people could not swallow well in space, so the food programmes for astronauts consisted of bite – sized pieces of food pushed out of tubes. But now it is known that you can cat in space in the same way as on Earth. The physical constraints lie in the body of the spaceship rather than the body of the astronaut. Limited storage and cooking facilities, with no space or power to (i) _______  for complex food preparation, mean that the (ii) _______  for space nutritionists has gone beyond providing astronauts with food that is palatable and good for them. The solution has emerged in the form of dehydrated foods. Simply add water to the freeze – dried granules. With space flights often lasting more than a week, astronauts cannot live on granules alone. They also take pre- cooked meals scaled in bags, which they (iii) _______  up in a small oven. There are tastier than granules but, according to Dr. Helen Lane, a researeh putritionist, it is difficult to  get astronauts to cat as much as they need. It is partly that they are so busy but also because there is no stimulation. So tickling their taste buds is an uphill struggle, especially since one of the effects of zero gravity is to (iv) _______  the sense of smell. Weightlessness is an important consideration in space food because of the danger that the food might fragment and float off in different (v) _______  . “We need foods that coalesce”, says Dr. Lane. “Yoghurts, puddings sauces all hold together in large droplets. Your spoon may float away, but the food will stay on it.”

(ii)_______

We need to protect _________ environment from pollution. 

Everyone needs a home where they feel sheltered and sale. Today we live in modem flats and houses, (i) ________ have air- conditioning to keep us cool, and heating to keep US warm. There is electricity for lighting and supplies of gas or oil for the heating. Hot and cold water (ii)__________________ from the taps and

dirty water disappears (iii)_________ the drains. Many of our homes have balconies or gardens. In the past, people made their homes from materials that they found nearby. When we look at different houses, we can tell how old they are from the materials used and the way they were built. It was different long (iv) ________ people did not have water in their homes and there were no electric lights. To keep warm,they sometimes made (v)________ inside their homes. With a fire started they could cook their food and heat waler

(i)____

Japan is no longer an Empire. When it lost all of its colonics, it also (i) ______ Korea and Dokdo Island. Dokdo Island has always been Korean territory and part of its country. Japan only wants to rebuild its Empire by sending its ships there. On the other hand, Japan says that it only wants to check (ii) ______ for more fish. There are many South Korean fishing boats in the area and Japanese fishermen have no place to do their own fishing. However, Japan has similar problems with two (iii) ______ neighbors, China and Russia, over two other islands, Senkaku/ Diaoyu and North Territories/ Kurils.

Liancourt Rocks may (iv) ______ an unimportant matter, but it is not. If Japan gives up its right to it, it has a good chance of losing its right to other islands as well. Japan has demanded the USA to act as a judge in this argument, but South Korea refuses to (v) ______ another country decide over its own land.

(i)______

Carefully conducted studies that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to shown any long-term problems, compared with children of working mothers stayed at home. My personal (i) _______  is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot expect to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not (ii) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it refers to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (iii) _______ the street. In reality, however, many parents don’t have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (iv) _______ normal stage of child development.Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that, they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in first week, you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it’s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it’s the (v) _______ that matters.

(iv)_____-

All sorts of people need to know what the weather is going to do. They do not all want to know the same information for the same period of time, however. For someone (i) _____ a small boat across the lake, wind or rain on that day will matter whereas a farmer might be more interested in the chances of rain over the next six months. The one thing they (ii) _____  need, however, is totally dependable information. And it is for this reason that forecasting is a very big international business. Today, because the accuracy of forecast is important to so many people, weather satellites cross from pole to pole every hour and a quarter, reporting back to earth from fifty miles up, although of course, it hasn’t always been so easy. Ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle started weather forecasting by trying to (iii) _____ logically what was happening in the sky above them. They weren’t always right, but they understood the importance of systematic observation. But forecasting remained limited so long as people only knew what was happening in their own section of sky. It was the arrival of the electric telegraph in the 1830s that (iv) _____ forecasters to get a wider picture of the weather that was on its way. This information could then be (v) _____ on to those in its path while it was still of use.

(i)_______