The use of “code talkers” had its beginnings in World War I when the Americans used Choctaw Indians during the battle of the Meuse Argonne in France in 1918. But none of the volunteers in war were (i) _______ recognized or honored for their contributions to the war effort until several years after the end of the Second World War. And it was not the Americans who (ii) _______ tribute to these volunteers first. It was the French, who, in 1989, honored the survivors by presenting them with an Order of Merit, which is the second-highest honor (iii) _______ valor that the French bestow. Ten years later, the United Slates Department of Defense recognized the sole surviving Comanche “code talker” for his bravery and achievements in a ceremony in Washington, D.C. and they presented him with an award created a few years before by the intelligence corps to recognize contributions such as the Comanchcs had made. The Comanche volunteers made an additional contribution to society as a (iv) _______  by their wartime efforts. These men, all of whom had attended school in America and had been chastised for trying to retain English, can be credited not only with helping to win the war but also with insuring the preservation of a language, which until after the war, had been nearly destroyed by its non-use. their native languages and criticized when they did not (v) _______ English, can be credited not only with helping to win the war but also with insuring the preservation of a language, which until after the war, had been nearly destroyed by its non-use.

(ii)___

In northern Europe, during the same time period traders developed a similar type of customary law for commercial relationships. The system, referred to as the Law Merchant, also prevented those who had not traded fairly and honestly with merchants (i) ______ merchants participating in the system. The Law Merchant, unlike the Maghribi association, included a system of arbitration to settle disputes. The merchants’ goal of expediting and facilitating commercial transactions continued as customary law for commercial transactions throughout the centuries. In the United States, the Law Merchant has been adapted and codified as the Uniform Commercial Code. Folk law is also customaiy law. Recently in Botswana, Africa, (ii) ______ has been an attempt to codify folk law, but some lawmakers oppose the idea because they believe that codification would limit the diversity of cultures which exists throughout the country. The legislators’ belief is that customary law relates to individual tribes and (iii) ______ the culture of each tribe is different and should be preserved. Those who (iv) ______     codification, on the other hand, contend that tribal culture would be better preserved and would provide tribal chiefs with a set of guidelines for administering justice rather than requiring the chiefs to depend upon customary laws (v)  ______ down by words of mouth from earlier generations.

(i)______

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions: 

We are now a 24/7 society where shops and services must be available all hours.

Over the last few years, the use of the Internet has increased dramatically in French schools, offices and homes and this trend continues to grow. Who could have imagined, even in the last decade, that we would be able to (i) _______ our friends, colleagues and clients around the world simply through the click of a

mouse and a modem? There is no doubt, like any invention, that the Internet can be used for the good or bad but it is here to stay and (ii) _______  the way we communicate. In the world of business, no corporation can be competitive unless it has access to the Internet. It has become essential to advertise your product and service in this way and an increasing number of companies are using this opportunity to reach a greater number of (iii) _______ consumers. Indeed, the bigger the web site, the more professional the company seems to be. Similarly in education, the opportunities that the Internet can provide are vast.More and more students (iv) _______  on the Internet for their researeh; for instance, a physics undergraduate in Paris can download information from a university library in the States in minutes. From the latest researeh in scientific and linguistic fields to new theories in psychology and history, all these may be published on the world-wide web. What will be the future for the Internet in France? It has been estimated that 60% of homes and 50% of businesses will have access to the Internet within five years. Children, students and professionals will be able to (v) _______ and explore the world as they have never done before

(i)_____-

Many European countries had heard about the wealth and (i) _______ of the Aztecs. The Spanish King sent his ships across the Atlantic to bring home the famous Aztec gold. Thus many Spanish sailors and soldiers went (ii) _______  the New World and found America. These adventurers were called ‘conquistadors’ because they were ruthless and cruel. They only cared about money, not people, and destroyed (iii) _______ civilizations to get (iv) _______ they wanted. One of these conquistadors was Hernando Cortes. He arrived in Cuba in 1511, but (v) _______ got in trouble with the Cuban governor, Diego Velasquez, who eventually sent him far away to find the Aztec gold

(iv)_____

When (i) _______ people think of sports, the first ones that come to mind are probably football – both American and European soccer – and basketball, hockey, tennis, and baseball. But that knights in shining armour who rode horses and carried sharp swords and lances in their hands to knock (ii) _______ knights off their horses, created the new sport of jousting. The idea of jousting dates back to really times before the 1100s and had its origins in France where jousting was not really a sport. Instead, it was really more of an occupation since jousting tournaments were really warring tournaments held between the families of nobility for the purpose of gaining notoriety and monetary wealth. As jousting became more of a sport, a code of “fair play” was enacted and chivalry entered (iii)  _______  the picture as well as the ideas conveyed in the talcs of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. In addition to the Inaugural code of ethics, the concepts of fair maidens and brave knights continues to (iv) _______  an important role in jousting. And even to this (v) _______ day, the idea of chivalry has an impact on the pageantry and activities of jousting tournaments.

(i)____

Ang Lee’s work caught the (i) _______ of the William Morris Agency. This agency became interested in Ang’s movies and hired him. But in the end, they did not give Ang Lee a chance to make movies in the USA. (ii) _______ 6 years, Lee stayed home to take (iii) _______ of the house and his two children. His wife, Jane Ling, was a molecular (iv) _______ and supported the family. This situation was embarrassing for Lee because of the culture he grew (v) _______  in. But, during this hard time, he wrote many screenplays for movies

(iii)____

SOME GOLDEN TIPS FOR MANAGING STRESS

Notice what makes you feel very anxious. Face your anxieties.
See what you can change in those areas (i)_______ you are doing too much.
Are you (ii) ______ to things? Is it necessary to get so upset/ anxious / angry?
Are you breathing too fast? Slow, deep breathing helps you relax.
Try using some relaxation techniques (iii) ______ yoga or biofeedback. They can be very useful inhelping you relax.

(v)____

There are 10 teams involved, each team having 2 drivers. (i) ________  teams are Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Honda and Toyota. These teams built (ii) ________ the car and its engine. Formula One also has a constructor’s championship for the team that builds the best car. The cars are much smaller and narrower because. Formula One is not run on speed tracks (iii) ________ on circuits and sometimes on closed city streets. The drivers must be more technical and skilled on these types of tracks. Some circuits, like the ones in Monaco, are very tight, and it is hard to overtake there. Circuits such as Monza, Italy, or Germany, are very fast and wide. Cars reach (iv) ________  200 mph, and the engines have (v) ________ 750 horsepower

(i)____

In Poland, there are many customs at Easter: for example, the ‘blessing basket’, (i) _______ (amongother things) coloured eggs, bread, salt and white sausages. (ii) _______ in the basket has a meaning: the eggs represent Christ; the bread, salt and sausages, good health and enough money in the coming year. The family Easter breakfast on Sunday morning is (iii) _______ important as Christmas dinner for Poles.

And there is one more Polish tradition connected with Easter Monday: ‘watering’. People throw water (iv) _______ each other, and this is a (v) _______ for good health, too. Even strangers on the street are not safe from a bath of cold -water on Easter Monday!

(iii)_____

Special effects, abbreviated SPFX or SPF, are a (i) _______ enhancing and intensifying the impact a filmed scene has on its audience in order to create an optical illusion which would render that particular image undistinguishable (ii) _______  reality. Special effects engineers have at their disposal a (iii) _______ number of techniques, ranging from traditional theatre effects to sophisticated photography and modem computer graphics, which are often used in one single shot (iv) _______ create the desired effect.

Most special effects are employed to obtain effects that cannot (v) _______ by normal means, such as intcrgalactic battles or space travelling; others are substituted for more expensive real-life effects, such as high-blast explosions, while others still are there to recreate the particular atmosphere of long- ago times, such as restoring the arehitectural splendour of a princely castle.

(iv)______

The USA has seen a steady stream of immigrants (i) ______  into their country over the past few centuries. While in the beginning, most immigrants came from Ireland or Germany, current immigrants originates mostly from Central America and less developed South East Asian territories. (ii) ______  , the country that has supplied the largest number of immigrants to the US is Mexico, with over 8,500,000 people moving into their new country in 2004 alone. The figure is expected to rise by almost a quarter in 2010. China and India place second and third, (iii) ______  contributing a whopping 1,600,000 and 1,250,000 respectively (iv) ______  the United States’ population growth, and (v) ______   current uncommonly large trends continue, it is estimated that 3,000,000 people from both countries will immigrate to the USA over the next five years.

(i)_____

We still have a long way to go before we ______ all the current financial difficulties. 

The Great Wall stretches for 5,000 kilometres (i) _______ China from the East coast to the Gobi Desert. This biggest of all building projects was begun 2,000 years ago during the Qin Dynasty. Separately built walls were all joined up to form one huge line, supposedly to (ii) _______  any invading nomads. The project used thousands of workers, many of them prisoners.

Around 180 million cubic metres of earth were used to form the wall’s core. The wall was not particularly successful as a deterrent to invaders. However, it was very useful as a kind of ancient, elevated motorway. Men and equipment could be easily moved along the wall, through the previously (iii) _______, mountainous land. Also, a very useful communication system was developed between the different sections of the wall. Smoke signals were used to send messages quickly anywhere along the wall’s length. Now, the Great Wall is China’s most popular tourist attraction. It has suffered some decay and destruction over the centuries. Parts have been (iv) _______ by the wind and weather. Other sections have been destroyed by local peasants who carried off the materials to make their own homes. However, the wall is still an amazing sight, and a lasting monument to the ancient Chinese civilization that (v) _______ it.

(iii)______--

I began volunteering at the age of fourteen. At the time, there was no mandatory volunteering requirement; volunteering was a personal choice (i) _______ my own interest. My interests centered on helping children – especially children with special needs. At our school we had a special needs classroom with a number of special needs children. Twice a week I would work (ii) _______ the teacher’s helper.

Through the work I did, I (iii) _______ two things: I was happiest when I volunteered, and I was good at helping special needs students. I am now (iv) _______, have a college degree in special education, and still do volunteer work at a community center (v) _______ troubled teenagers. I guess I would say that the volunteer work I did at age fourteen changed my life forever.

(i)______

The Amazon rainforest is in very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square miles of forest (i) _______ down in 2003 in Brazil (ii) _______. An area of the size of a football field is burned down basically every minute, which means that the rain forest may be gone by the year 2030. The dangers related to this type of activity are very obvious. Trees (iii) _______ poisonous carbon dioxide from the air and give off oxygen. There is more oxygen and (iv) _______ carbon dioxide around a rainforest. When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the air gets wanner. This leads to global wanning, which is extremely harmful to the environment. (v) _______ is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone produces 200 million metric tones of carbon dioxide a year.

(iii)_____

Although the act of writing a book is by necessity a (i) _______ process, it’s often after publication that the sense of isolation is the strongest. Many writers long for critical feedback, but have little (ii) _______  to the average reader’s opinion. While it may be true that good reviews in newspapers and magazines can be gratifying, they’re of little help in establishing what ordinary people think of your work. So, well done to those websites where anyone with access to the Internet can post an opinion about any book. (iii) _______       this, these customer reviews are not without risk. Most writers can expect some glowing praise from family or friends but these reviews are easy to recognize since they tend to be sent in anonymously. On the other hand, visits to these websites can also result in great anxiety. It might well be the (iv) _______ that you receive an unkind review and there is no kind editor to shield you. You can expect most reviewers to be brief but there are those who write long, strangely formal essays, usually containing references to classical literature, presumably in (v) _______ to impress others with their literary knowledge. If you are a sensitive author, I suggest you think twice before you go off searehing for reviews on-line rather than in the safer, traditional places.

(i)_____

How to protect children web fans from unsuitable material online while encouraging them to use the Internet has long been discussed in the U.S. For some parents, the Internet can seem like a jungle, filed with danger for their children. But jungles contain wonders as well as hazard and with good guides, some education, and a few precautions, the wilds of the Internet can be safely navigated. “Kids have to be online. If we tell our kids they can’t (i) _______ the Internet, we’re cutting them off from their future,” said an expert.

Most kids have started to use seareh engines. Many of them are great for finding tons of interesting Internet sites, and they can also locale places where you might not want your kids to go. There are seareh engines (ii) _______ just for kids. A certain software contains only sites that have been selected as safe.

The most popular way to limit access would be to use what is known as a “content screener”. But this can’t be wholly reliable, and the best thing parents can do is to talk to their kids and let them know what is OK or not OK to see or do on the Internet. Another way is that mum or dad is nearby when the child is surfing the Internet.

A few other tips:

Don’t put the PC in a child’s room but keep it in an area where mum or dad can keep (iii) _______ hings. That also makes the Internet more of a family activity.

Ask your child (iv) _______ he or she has been doing and about any friends they make online.
Tell your child not to give on-line strangers (v) _______ information, especially like address and phone number.

And tell your children never to talk to anyone they meet online over the phone, send them anything, accept anything from them or agree to meet with them unless you go along.

(ii)______

To many people the idea of graffiti has negative images and responses. If the drawings are done on surfaces without permission, it is thought of as vandalism. And in many instances, a crime. In most countries of the world graffiti, not only has negative connotations but is also considered illegal. One of the reasons is that graffiti is placed on buildings and property not owned by the painter. And where it is applied without (i) _______ , it is usually done quickly W’ith products such as permanent markers and spray paint. Historically, though, graffiti was important to the Romans because it was a way of expressing the knowledge they had as a people as well as a way of expressing their appreciation of beauty of (ii) _______      subjects. Today, tourists can see for themselves examples of ancient graffiti when they visit the catacombs in Rome or Pompeii. Modem graffiti is considered an art form, but it is one whichis greatly misunderstood by most people. In the 1970s, when the punk rock movement was big, many of the anti­establishment groups wrote and drew on walls and other surfaces to draw attention to their cause, group, or agenda. A lot of bands also used graffiti to (iii) _______ recognition and notoriety. For about a (iv) _______ of a century, from the mid 1960s to the late 1980s, graffiti was considered in its prime as an art form. In urban areas, graffiti could be seen on the walls of vacant buildings, on subway station walls, and on the subway cars themselves. Political activities used the medium to transmit their messages because it was an easy and inexpensive way to do (v) _______.

(i)______-

Gun-control groups use this terrible accident to show why guns should (i) _______ illegal. They argue that guns actually make people more (ii) _______. Some researeh has shown that for every time a gun is used to prevent a crime, there are 22 shootings by accident. 76.6% of all victims were killed by a relative or someone they knew, and only 3.6% were shot at by criminals. The rest of the shootings involved police or the army. The risk for violence is five times greater in households (iii) _______  there are guns available. Most of the shootings happen after family members fight with each other. In other serious eases, teenagers brought guns to school and began shooting (iv) _______ their teachers and classmates. In the end, they committed suicide by killing (v) _______ with the same gun.

(v)____

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is a city of contrasts. It is an exciting, (i) _______ , modem city and, at the same time, a city that is full of history. The streets of Bangkok are usually noisy and have too many people. Some people are selling food; (ii) _______  are selling clothing, cassette tapes, flowers, or souvenirs. Visitors love the river markets, the beautiful temples and arehitecture, and the nightlife. They also enjoy the food, the shopping, and the friendly Thai people. (iii) _______ seems to smile there. Most of the year, Bangkok is hotter than any other capital city in Asia, but from December to February, the weather is not as warm and so it is much more comfortable. Actually, it’s an interesting city to visit at any time of the year. The shopping is excellent, and the prices are not as high as in many other large cities in Southeast Asia. There is always so much to do in Bangkok any time of the day or night – (iv) _______ watching Thai dancing or boxing to taking a boat trip on the river or trying some of the delicious and spicy food. And if you get (v) _______ the city and want fewer crowds, there are beautiful beaches only two hours away by bus.

(iii)_____